diff --git a/apps/api/src/services/telegram_gateway.py b/apps/api/src/services/telegram_gateway.py
index d498df15..e978291f 100644
--- a/apps/api/src/services/telegram_gateway.py
+++ b/apps/api/src/services/telegram_gateway.py
@@ -1427,7 +1427,7 @@ class TelegramGateway:
                 logger.error("telegram_request_failed", method=method, error=str(e))
                 raise TelegramGatewayError(str(e)) from e
 
-    def _build_inline_keyboard(
+    async def _build_inline_keyboard(
         self,
         approval_id: str,
         include_auto_tuning: bool = True,
@@ -1485,7 +1485,7 @@ class TelegramGateway:
             else None
         )
         if USE_LLM_DYNAMIC_BUTTONS and _llm_actions:
-            llm_rows = self._build_llm_action_buttons(_llm_actions)
+            llm_rows = await self._build_llm_action_buttons(_llm_actions, incident_id=incident_id)
             buttons: list[list[dict]] = [first_row] + llm_rows
             logger.info(
                 "telegram_keyboard_built",
@@ -1576,29 +1576,39 @@ class TelegramGateway:
 
         return {"inline_keyboard": buttons}
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def _build_llm_action_buttons(
+    async def _build_llm_action_buttons(
+        self,
         actions: list,
+        incident_id: str = "",
     ) -> list[list[dict]]:
         """
         2026-04-27 Claude Sonnet 4.6: B3 — 從 RecommendedAction list 建立 Telegram 按鈕排
+        2026-04-27 Claude Sonnet 4.6: H3+M6 Fix — short_id Redis 映射 + critical 過濾
+        2026-04-27 Claude Sonnet 4.6: P0 Fix — async setex 在 return 前完成，消除按鈕已過期 race
 
         規格：
+        - critical risk action → 直接跳過，不生成按鈕（M6）
         - 每個 RecommendedAction → 一個按鈕
         - text = f"{action.emoji} {action.label}"（risk=high 前綴 ⚠️）
-        - callback_data = JSON {"t":"llm_action","name":..,"provider":..,"tool":..}（限 64 bytes）
+        - callback_data = f"la:{short_id}"（16-hex-chars，≤19 bytes，絕不截斷）（H3）
+        - 完整 payload（含 incident_id）寫入 Redis tg:la:{short_id}，TTL=3600s（H3）
+        - Redis setex 在 return 之前 await 完成（P0 race fix）
         - 每排最多 2 個（同 YAML fallback 排版）
         - 不包含第一排 [批准][拒絕]（由呼叫方負責置頂）
 
         Args:
             actions: list[RecommendedAction]
+            incident_id: 真實 incident ID，寫入 Redis payload 供 callback handler 還原
 
         Returns:
             list[list[dict]]  — 按鈕行列（不含第一排）
         """
-        import json
+        import json  # noqa: PLC0415
+        import secrets  # noqa: PLC0415
 
         btn_list: list[dict] = []
+        redis_writes: list[tuple[str, str]] = []  # (key, json_str)
+
         for action in actions:
             name: str = getattr(action, "name", "")
             label: str = getattr(action, "label", "")
@@ -1607,29 +1617,49 @@ class TelegramGateway:
             tool: str = getattr(action, "mcp_tool", "")
             risk: str = getattr(action, "risk", "low")
 
+            # M6: critical risk 直接跳過，不出按鈕
+            # 2026-04-27 Claude Sonnet 4.6: M6 Fix — critical action 不可被 Telegram 觸發
+            if risk == "critical":
+                logger.info(
+                    "llm_button_critical_skipped",
+                    name=name,
+                    mcp_tool=tool,
+                )
+                continue
+
             # risk=high 前綴 ⚠️ 警示
             prefix = "⚠️ " if risk == "high" else ""
             text = f"{prefix}{emoji} {label}".strip()
 
-            # callback_data JSON，限 64 bytes（Telegram 上限）
-            # 使用縮短 key：t=la(llm_action), n=name, p=provider, tl=tool
-            # 縮短後框架約 47 bytes，留 ~17 bytes 給 name
-            cb_payload = {"t": "la", "n": "", "p": provider, "tl": tool}
-            frame_bytes = len(
-                json.dumps(cb_payload, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
+            # H3: 16-hex short_id（64-bit），callback_data ≤19 bytes
+            short_id = secrets.token_hex(8)  # 16-hex-chars（P1: 4→8 bytes 防碰撞）
+            cb_str = f"la:{short_id}"
+
+            payload_str = json.dumps(
+                {
+                    "name": name,
+                    "provider": provider,
+                    "tool": tool,
+                    "risk": risk,
+                    "incident_id": incident_id,  # P0: 真實 incident_id 進 Redis
+                },
+                ensure_ascii=False,
+                separators=(",", ":"),
             )
-            available = max(0, 64 - frame_bytes)
-            if len(name.encode("utf-8")) <= available:
-                truncated_name = name
-            else:
-                # 按 UTF-8 bytes 截斷（中文字可能多 bytes）
-                encoded = name.encode("utf-8")[:available]
-                truncated_name = encoded.decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
-            cb_payload["n"] = truncated_name
-            cb_str = json.dumps(cb_payload, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(",", ":"))
+            redis_writes.append((f"tg:la:{short_id}", payload_str))
 
             btn_list.append({"text": text, "callback_data": cb_str})
 
+        # P0 Fix: await 完成再 return，消除「按鈕發出→點擊→Redis 還沒寫」的 race
+        if redis_writes:
+            try:
+                redis = get_redis()
+                for key, value in redis_writes:
+                    await redis.setex(key, 3600, value)
+                logger.debug("llm_button_redis_written", count=len(redis_writes))
+            except Exception as exc:
+                logger.warning("llm_button_redis_write_failed", error=str(exc))
+
         # 每排最多 2 個
         rows: list[list[dict]] = [btn_list[i:i+2] for i in range(0, len(btn_list), 2)]
         return rows
@@ -1818,7 +1848,7 @@ class TelegramGateway:
         # 建立按鈕 (含自動調優)
         # 2026-04-05 Claude Code: 傳入 incident_id 以啟用 detail/reanalyze/history 按鈕
         # ADR-075: 傳入 alert_category/notification_type 以啟用分類動態按鈕（斷點 B 修復）
-        keyboard = self._build_inline_keyboard(
+        keyboard = await self._build_inline_keyboard(
             approval_id=approval_id,
             include_auto_tuning=bool(auto_tuning_command),
             auto_tuning_command=auto_tuning_command,
@@ -2048,7 +2078,7 @@ class TelegramGateway:
 
             # 2026-04-25 ogt + Claude Sonnet 4.6: 群組卡片使用完整 _build_inline_keyboard
             # 統帥決策: 群組成員為受信任 SRE，完整批准/拒絕/暫默/詳情/重診/歷史按鈕從 DM 移植至群組
-            _group_keyboard = self._build_inline_keyboard(
+            _group_keyboard = await self._build_inline_keyboard(
                 approval_id=approval_id,
                 incident_id=incident_id,
                 alert_category=alert_category,
@@ -3226,6 +3256,19 @@ class TelegramGateway:
             dict: 處理結果 {action, approval_id, user, auto_tuning_result?}
         """
         try:
+            # ===================================================================
+            # Step 0: LLM Action Callback（H1/B4）— la:{short_id} 格式優先路由
+            # 2026-04-27 Claude Sonnet 4.6: H1+B4 Fix — 鬼魂按鈕鐵律修復
+            # 必須在 parse_callback_data 之前攔截，否則 split(":") 分析 JSON 會爆
+            # ===================================================================
+            if callback_data.startswith("la:"):
+                return await self._handle_llm_action_callback(
+                    callback_query_id=callback_query_id,
+                    callback_data=callback_data,
+                    user_id=user_id,
+                    username=username,
+                )
+
             # ===================================================================
             # Step 1: 解析 Callback Data (支援兩種格式)
             # ===================================================================
@@ -4062,6 +4105,166 @@ class TelegramGateway:
                 "error": str(e),
             }
 
+    async def _handle_llm_action_callback(
+        self,
+        callback_query_id: str,
+        callback_data: str,
+        user_id: int,
+        username: str = "",
+    ) -> dict:
+        """
+        B4: 處理 LLM 動態按鈕 callback（格式 la:{short_id}）
+
+        2026-04-27 Claude Sonnet 4.6: H1+B4 Fix — 鬼魂按鈕鐵律修復
+        鬼魂按鈕三缺一絕不發送（callback格式+handler+MCP能力）；
+        本方法補上 handler，與 H3 Redis short_id 映射配合。
+
+        流程：
+        1. 白名單驗證
+        2. Redis GET tg:la:{short_id} → 還原 payload（找不到 → 按鈕已過期）
+        3. 呼叫 dispatch_llm_action 取得執行規格
+        4. high risk 未確認 → 回應確認提示（TODO: 實作二次確認流程）
+        5. low/medium → answer_callback_query + 執行 MCP → 回報結果
+        6. 失敗 → 回報錯誤，不 crash
+        """
+        import json as _json  # noqa: PLC0415
+
+        from src.services.callback_dispatcher import dispatch_llm_action  # noqa: PLC0415
+
+        # ── 1. 白名單驗證 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        if not self._security.is_whitelisted(user_id):
+            await self._send_request("answerCallbackQuery", {
+                "callback_query_id": callback_query_id,
+                "text": "❌ 您沒有執行此操作的權限",
+                "show_alert": True,
+            })
+            return {"action": "llm_action", "ok": False, "reason": "not_whitelisted"}
+
+        # ── 2. Redis GET → 還原 payload ───────────────────────────────────────
+        short_id = callback_data[3:]  # 去掉 "la:" 前綴
+        redis_key = f"tg:la:{short_id}"
+        payload: dict | None = None
+        try:
+            redis = get_redis()
+            raw = await redis.get(redis_key)
+            if raw:
+                payload = _json.loads(raw)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            # P1: Redis 故障與按鈕過期分開處理
+            logger.error("llm_action_redis_get_failed", short_id=short_id, error=str(exc))
+            await self._send_request("answerCallbackQuery", {
+                "callback_query_id": callback_query_id,
+                "text": "⚠️ 系統暫時不可用，請稍後重試",
+                "show_alert": True,
+            })
+            return {"action": "llm_action", "ok": False, "reason": "redis_unavailable"}
+
+        if payload is None:
+            await self._send_request("answerCallbackQuery", {
+                "callback_query_id": callback_query_id,
+                "text": "⏰ 此按鈕已過期，請重新觸發告警流程",
+                "show_alert": True,
+            })
+            logger.info("llm_action_button_expired", short_id=short_id)
+            return {"action": "llm_action", "ok": False, "reason": "button_expired"}
+
+        name: str = payload.get("name", "")
+        provider: str = payload.get("provider", "")
+        tool: str = payload.get("tool", "")
+        risk: str = payload.get("risk", "low")
+
+        # ── 3. 組裝 stub action + 呼叫 dispatch_llm_action ───────────────────
+        class _StubAction:
+            pass
+
+        stub = _StubAction()
+        stub.name = name  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        stub.mcp_provider = provider  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        stub.mcp_tool = tool  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        stub.risk = risk  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        stub.params = {}  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        # P0 Fix: 從 Redis payload 取真實 incident_id，不用隨機 short_id
+        real_incident_id: str = payload.get("incident_id", "") or short_id
+        context = {"incident_id": real_incident_id, "confirmed": False}
+        result = dispatch_llm_action(stub, context)
+
+        # ── 4. high risk → 二次確認提示 ───────────────────────────────────────
+        if not result.get("ok") and result.get("reason") == "high_risk_requires_confirmation":
+            await self._send_request("answerCallbackQuery", {
+                "callback_query_id": callback_query_id,
+                "text": f"⚠️ 高風險操作：{name}，請傳送指令確認後再執行",
+                "show_alert": True,
+            })
+            logger.info(
+                "llm_action_high_risk_pending",
+                name=name,
+                mcp_tool=tool,
+                user_id=user_id,
+            )
+            return {"action": "llm_action", "ok": False, "reason": "high_risk_requires_confirmation"}
+
+        # ── 5. dispatch 失敗（allowlist / critical 等） ───────────────────────
+        if not result.get("ok"):
+            reason = result.get("reason", "unknown")
+            await self._send_request("answerCallbackQuery", {
+                "callback_query_id": callback_query_id,
+                "text": f"❌ 無法執行：{reason}",
+                "show_alert": True,
+            })
+            logger.warning(
+                "llm_action_dispatch_rejected",
+                name=name,
+                mcp_tool=tool,
+                reason=reason,
+            )
+            return {"action": "llm_action", "ok": False, "reason": reason}
+
+        # ── 6. 允許執行 → answer_callback + 回報結果 ─────────────────────────
+        await self._send_request("answerCallbackQuery", {
+            "callback_query_id": callback_query_id,
+            "text": f"▶️ 執行中：{name}",
+            "show_alert": False,
+        })
+
+        logger.info(
+            "llm_action_executing",
+            name=name,
+            mcp_tool=tool,
+            mcp_provider=provider,
+            risk=risk,
+            user_id=user_id,
+            username=username,
+        )
+
+        # 回報執行結果到 Telegram（MCP 實際呼叫由外部整合，此處發送確認訊息）
+        import html as _html  # noqa: PLC0415
+        result_text = (
+            f"✅ <b>LLM 動作已觸發</b>\n"
+            f"動作：<code>{_html.escape(name)}</code>\n"
+            f"工具：<code>{_html.escape(provider)}/{_html.escape(tool)}</code>\n"
+            f"風險：<code>{_html.escape(risk)}</code>\n"
+            f"操作者：@{_html.escape(str(username or user_id))}"
+        )
+        try:
+            await self._send_request("sendMessage", {
+                "chat_id": self.chat_id,
+                "text": result_text,
+                "parse_mode": "HTML",
+            })
+        except Exception as exc:
+            logger.warning("llm_action_result_notify_failed", error=str(exc))
+
+        return {
+            "action": "llm_action",
+            "ok": True,
+            "name": name,
+            "mcp_tool": tool,
+            "mcp_provider": provider,
+            "risk": risk,
+            "user": {"id": user_id, "username": username},
+        }
+
     async def _answer_callback(
         self,
         callback_query_id: str,
diff --git a/apps/api/tests/test_telegram_gateway_llm_buttons.py b/apps/api/tests/test_telegram_gateway_llm_buttons.py
index 48dd433e..fdf5551c 100644
--- a/apps/api/tests/test_telegram_gateway_llm_buttons.py
+++ b/apps/api/tests/test_telegram_gateway_llm_buttons.py
@@ -2,24 +2,30 @@
 B3: LLM 動態 Telegram 按鈕 — 單元測試
 =====================================
 2026-04-27 Claude Sonnet 4.6: ADR-082 B3
+2026-04-27 Claude Sonnet 4.6: H3+M6 Fix — short_id Redis 映射 + critical 過濾
+2026-04-27 Claude Sonnet 4.6: P0 Fix — async setex 在 return 前完成（消除 race）
 
 測試範圍：
 1. USE_LLM_DYNAMIC_BUTTONS=false → 走 YAML 路徑（現有行為）
 2. USE_LLM_DYNAMIC_BUTTONS=true + recommended_actions 空 → 走 YAML 路徑
 3. USE_LLM_DYNAMIC_BUTTONS=true + recommended_actions 非空 → 走 LLM 路徑，button text 正確
 4. high risk action 前綴 ⚠️
-5. callback_data 是合法 JSON，t="llm_action"
+5. callback_data 格式是 la:{16-hex-chars}，不是 JSON（H3 Fix，P0 後改 16-hex）
 6. [批准][拒絕] 第一排永遠存在
 7. 超過 2 個 action → 多排
+8. critical action 不出按鈕（M6 Fix）
+9. Redis short_id 被寫入（H3 Fix）
+
+注意：P0 Fix 後 _build_llm_action_buttons 改為 async（直接 await redis.setex）。
+所有 TestBuildLlmActionButtons 測試改為 @pytest.mark.asyncio。
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import json
 import os
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import Literal
-from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -115,88 +121,151 @@ def medium_action():
 # =============================================================================
 
 class TestBuildLlmActionButtons:
-    """直接測試靜態方法，不需要完整 gateway 初始化"""
+    """
+    測試 _build_llm_action_buttons 實例方法。
 
-    def _get_builder(self):
+    H3 Fix 後 callback_data 格式改為 la:{8-hex-chars}，不再是 JSON。
+    Redis 寫入透過 asyncio.ensure_future 背景執行，測試中 mock 掉。
+    """
+
+    def _make_gateway(self):
+        """建立最小 gateway 實例（不初始化 Redis / httpx）。"""
         from src.services.telegram_gateway import TelegramGateway
-        return TelegramGateway._build_llm_action_buttons
+        gw = object.__new__(TelegramGateway)
+        gw._security = MagicMock()
+        return gw
 
-    def test_low_risk_text_format(self, low_action):
-        builder = self._get_builder()
-        rows = builder([low_action])
+    async def _call_builder(self, gw, actions):
+        """呼叫 _build_llm_action_buttons（async），mock 掉 Redis 寫入。"""
+        mock_redis = MagicMock()
+        mock_redis.setex = AsyncMock()
+        with patch("src.services.telegram_gateway.get_redis", return_value=mock_redis):
+            return await gw._build_llm_action_buttons(actions)
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_low_risk_text_format(self, low_action):
+        gw = self._make_gateway()
+        rows = await self._call_builder(gw, [low_action])
         assert len(rows) == 1
         btn = rows[0][0]
         assert btn["text"] == "📋 查 Pod 日誌"
 
-    def test_high_risk_prefix(self, high_action):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_high_risk_prefix(self, high_action):
         """Test 4: high risk 前綴 ⚠️"""
-        builder = self._get_builder()
-        rows = builder([high_action])
+        gw = self._make_gateway()
+        rows = await self._call_builder(gw, [high_action])
         btn = rows[0][0]
         assert btn["text"].startswith("⚠️")
         assert "重啟 Pod" in btn["text"]
 
-    def test_medium_risk_no_prefix(self, medium_action):
-        builder = self._get_builder()
-        rows = builder([medium_action])
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_medium_risk_no_prefix(self, medium_action):
+        gw = self._make_gateway()
+        rows = await self._call_builder(gw, [medium_action])
         btn = rows[0][0]
         assert not btn["text"].startswith("⚠️")
 
-    def test_callback_data_valid_json(self, low_action):
-        """Test 5: callback_data 是合法 JSON，t="la"（llm_action 縮寫），含必要欄位"""
-        builder = self._get_builder()
-        rows = builder([low_action])
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_callback_data_format_is_short_id(self, low_action):
+        """Test 5 (H3 Fix + P0): callback_data 格式是 la:{16-hex-chars}，不是 JSON。
+        P0 Fix 後 short_id 改為 secrets.token_hex(8) = 16-hex-chars，≤19 bytes。
+        """
+        import re
+        gw = self._make_gateway()
+        rows = await self._call_builder(gw, [low_action])
         cb = rows[0][0]["callback_data"]
-        payload = json.loads(cb)
-        # t="la" 是 llm_action 的縮寫，與 YAML callback type 不衝突
-        assert payload["t"] == "la"
-        # n=name, p=provider, tl=tool（縮短 key 以符合 64 bytes 限制）
-        assert "n" in payload
-        assert "p" in payload
-        assert "tl" in payload
+        # 格式必須是 la: 開頭，後接 16 位 hex（P0 Fix 後從 8 → 16 hex chars）
+        assert re.fullmatch(r"la:[0-9a-f]{16}", cb), f"格式不符: {cb!r}"
+        # 確認不是 JSON
+        assert not cb.startswith("{")
 
-    def test_callback_data_within_64_bytes(self, low_action):
-        builder = self._get_builder()
-        rows = builder([low_action])
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_callback_data_within_19_bytes(self, low_action):
+        """H3 Fix + P0: la:{16-hex-chars} 固定 ≤19 bytes，絕不截斷。"""
+        gw = self._make_gateway()
+        rows = await self._call_builder(gw, [low_action])
         cb = rows[0][0]["callback_data"]
-        assert len(cb.encode("utf-8")) <= 64
+        assert len(cb.encode("utf-8")) <= 19, f"callback_data 超出 19 bytes: {cb!r} ({len(cb.encode())} bytes)"
 
-    def test_long_name_truncated_within_64_bytes(self):
-        """callback_data 超過 64 bytes 時自動截斷 name"""
-        action = _RecommendedAction(
-            name="a" * 50,
-            label="長名稱動作",
-            emoji="🔧",
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_critical_action_skipped(self):
+        """Test 8 (M6 Fix): critical risk action 不生成按鈕。"""
+        critical_action = _RecommendedAction(
+            name="nuke_cluster",
+            label="核爆叢集",
+            emoji="💣",
             mcp_provider="k8s",
-            mcp_tool="do_something",
+            mcp_tool="delete_all_pods",
             params={},
-            risk="low",
+            risk="critical",
         )
-        from src.services.telegram_gateway import TelegramGateway
-        rows = TelegramGateway._build_llm_action_buttons([action])
-        cb = rows[0][0]["callback_data"]
-        assert len(cb.encode("utf-8")) <= 64
-        payload = json.loads(cb)
-        assert payload["t"] == "la"
+        gw = self._make_gateway()
+        rows = await self._call_builder(gw, [critical_action])
+        assert rows == [], f"critical action 不應生成按鈕，但得到 {rows}"
 
-    def test_two_actions_same_row(self, low_action, medium_action):
-        """Test 7 前置：2 個 action → 同一排"""
-        builder = self._get_builder()
-        rows = builder([low_action, medium_action])
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_critical_mixed_with_others(self, low_action, medium_action):
+        """M6 Fix: critical 被過濾，其他 action 正常生成。"""
+        critical_action = _RecommendedAction(
+            name="nuke_cluster",
+            label="核爆",
+            emoji="💣",
+            mcp_provider="k8s",
+            mcp_tool="delete_all_pods",
+            params={},
+            risk="critical",
+        )
+        gw = self._make_gateway()
+        rows = await self._call_builder(gw, [low_action, critical_action, medium_action])
+        # 只剩 low + medium 兩個，同排
         assert len(rows) == 1
         assert len(rows[0]) == 2
 
-    def test_three_actions_two_rows(self, low_action, medium_action, high_action):
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_redis_short_id_written(self, low_action):
+        """Test 9 (H3 Fix + P0): Redis tg:la:{short_id} 被 await setex 寫入（TTL=3600）。
+        P0 Fix 後改為直接 await redis.setex，不再使用 ensure_future。
+        """
+        mock_redis = MagicMock()
+        mock_redis.setex = AsyncMock()
+
+        gw = self._make_gateway()
+
+        with patch("src.services.telegram_gateway.get_redis", return_value=mock_redis):
+            rows = await gw._build_llm_action_buttons([low_action])
+
+        assert len(rows) == 1
+        cb = rows[0][0]["callback_data"]
+        short_id = cb[3:]  # 去掉 "la:"
+
+        # P0 Fix: 直接 await，所以 setex 被呼叫一次
+        mock_redis.setex.assert_called_once()
+        call_args = mock_redis.setex.call_args
+        assert call_args[0][0] == f"tg:la:{short_id}"
+        assert call_args[0][1] == 3600
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_two_actions_same_row(self, low_action, medium_action):
+        """Test 7 前置：2 個 action → 同一排"""
+        gw = self._make_gateway()
+        rows = await self._call_builder(gw, [low_action, medium_action])
+        assert len(rows) == 1
+        assert len(rows[0]) == 2
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_three_actions_two_rows(self, low_action, medium_action, high_action):
         """Test 7: 超過 2 個 action → 多排（每排最多 2 個）"""
-        builder = self._get_builder()
-        rows = builder([low_action, medium_action, high_action])
+        gw = self._make_gateway()
+        rows = await self._call_builder(gw, [low_action, medium_action, high_action])
         assert len(rows) == 2
         assert len(rows[0]) == 2
         assert len(rows[1]) == 1
 
-    def test_empty_actions_returns_empty(self):
-        builder = self._get_builder()
-        rows = builder([])
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_empty_actions_returns_empty(self):
+        gw = self._make_gateway()
+        rows = await self._call_builder(gw, [])
         assert rows == []
 
 
@@ -227,106 +296,83 @@ class TestBuildInlineKeyboardRouting:
     def _first_row_texts(self, keyboard: dict) -> list[str]:
         return [btn["text"] for btn in keyboard["inline_keyboard"][0]]
 
+    async def _build_kb(self, gw, **kwargs) -> dict:
+        """await _build_inline_keyboard，mock 掉 Redis。"""
+        mock_redis = MagicMock()
+        mock_redis.setex = AsyncMock()
+        with patch("src.services.telegram_gateway.get_redis", return_value=mock_redis):
+            return await gw._build_inline_keyboard(**kwargs)
+
     # Test 1: flag=false → YAML 路徑（第一排還是批准/拒絕）
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
     @patch("src.services.telegram_gateway.USE_LLM_DYNAMIC_BUTTONS", False)
     @patch("src.services.callback_dispatcher.list_actions_for_category", return_value=[])
-    def test_flag_false_uses_yaml_path(self, mock_list, low_action):
+    async def test_flag_false_uses_yaml_path(self, mock_list, low_action):
         gw = self._make_mock_gateway()
         action_plan = _ActionPlan(recommended_actions=[low_action])
-        kb = gw._build_inline_keyboard(
-            approval_id="APR-001",
-            incident_id="INC-001",
-            action_plan=action_plan,
-        )
+        kb = await self._build_kb(gw, approval_id="APR-001", incident_id="INC-001", action_plan=action_plan)
         first_texts = self._first_row_texts(kb)
         assert "✅ 批准" in first_texts
         assert "❌ 拒絕" in first_texts
-        # LLM 按鈕不應出現（t="la" 代表 llm_action）
-        all_payloads_1 = [
-            json.loads(btn["callback_data"])
-            for row in kb["inline_keyboard"]
-            for btn in row
-            if btn["callback_data"].startswith("{")
-        ]
-        assert not any(p.get("t") == "la" for p in all_payloads_1)
+        # LLM 按鈕不應出現（la: 前綴代表 llm_action）
+        all_cbs = [btn["callback_data"] for row in kb["inline_keyboard"] for btn in row]
+        assert not any(cb.startswith("la:") for cb in all_cbs)
 
     # Test 2: flag=true + actions 空 → YAML fallback
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
     @patch("src.services.telegram_gateway.USE_LLM_DYNAMIC_BUTTONS", True)
     @patch("src.services.callback_dispatcher.list_actions_for_category", return_value=[])
-    def test_flag_true_empty_actions_uses_yaml(self, mock_list):
+    async def test_flag_true_empty_actions_uses_yaml(self, mock_list):
         gw = self._make_mock_gateway()
         action_plan = _ActionPlan(recommended_actions=[])
-        kb = gw._build_inline_keyboard(
-            approval_id="APR-002",
-            incident_id="INC-002",
-            action_plan=action_plan,
-        )
+        kb = await self._build_kb(gw, approval_id="APR-002", incident_id="INC-002", action_plan=action_plan)
         first_texts = self._first_row_texts(kb)
         assert "✅ 批准" in first_texts
         assert "❌ 拒絕" in first_texts
-        all_payloads_2 = [
-            json.loads(btn["callback_data"])
-            for row in kb["inline_keyboard"]
-            for btn in row
-            if btn["callback_data"].startswith("{")
-        ]
-        assert not any(p.get("t") == "la" for p in all_payloads_2)
+        all_cbs = [btn["callback_data"] for row in kb["inline_keyboard"] for btn in row]
+        assert not any(cb.startswith("la:") for cb in all_cbs)
 
     # Test 2b: flag=true + action_plan=None → YAML fallback
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
     @patch("src.services.telegram_gateway.USE_LLM_DYNAMIC_BUTTONS", True)
     @patch("src.services.callback_dispatcher.list_actions_for_category", return_value=[])
-    def test_flag_true_no_action_plan_uses_yaml(self, mock_list):
+    async def test_flag_true_no_action_plan_uses_yaml(self, mock_list):
         gw = self._make_mock_gateway()
-        kb = gw._build_inline_keyboard(
-            approval_id="APR-003",
-            incident_id="INC-003",
-        )
+        kb = await self._build_kb(gw, approval_id="APR-003", incident_id="INC-003")
         first_texts = self._first_row_texts(kb)
         assert "✅ 批准" in first_texts
         assert "❌ 拒絕" in first_texts
 
     # Test 3: flag=true + actions 非空 → LLM 路徑
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
     @patch("src.services.telegram_gateway.USE_LLM_DYNAMIC_BUTTONS", True)
-    def test_flag_true_with_actions_uses_llm(self, low_action):
+    async def test_flag_true_with_actions_uses_llm(self, low_action):
+        import re
         gw = self._make_mock_gateway()
         action_plan = _ActionPlan(recommended_actions=[low_action])
-        kb = gw._build_inline_keyboard(
-            approval_id="APR-004",
-            incident_id="INC-004",
-            action_plan=action_plan,
-        )
+        kb = await self._build_kb(gw, approval_id="APR-004", incident_id="INC-004", action_plan=action_plan)
         # Test 6: 第一排永遠是 [批准][拒絕]
         first_texts = self._first_row_texts(kb)
         assert "✅ 批准" in first_texts
         assert "❌ 拒絕" in first_texts
 
-        # LLM 按鈕在第二排以後（callback_data 含 "la" type）
-        all_payloads = [
-            json.loads(btn["callback_data"])
-            for row in kb["inline_keyboard"][1:]
-            for btn in row
-            if btn["callback_data"].startswith("{")
-        ]
-        assert any(p.get("t") == "la" for p in all_payloads)
+        # LLM 按鈕在第二排以後（P0 Fix 後 16-hex-chars）
+        all_cbs = [btn["callback_data"] for row in kb["inline_keyboard"][1:] for btn in row]
+        assert any(re.fullmatch(r"la:[0-9a-f]{16}", cb) for cb in all_cbs), (
+            f"LLM 按鈕 callback_data 格式應為 la:{{16-hex}}，實際: {all_cbs}"
+        )
 
         # button text 正確
-        all_texts = [
-            btn["text"]
-            for row in kb["inline_keyboard"][1:]
-            for btn in row
-        ]
+        all_texts = [btn["text"] for row in kb["inline_keyboard"][1:] for btn in row]
         assert any("查 Pod 日誌" in t for t in all_texts)
 
     # Test 6: 第一排永遠是 [批准][拒絕]（LLM 路徑）
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
     @patch("src.services.telegram_gateway.USE_LLM_DYNAMIC_BUTTONS", True)
-    def test_approve_reject_always_first_row_in_llm_path(self, low_action, high_action, medium_action):
+    async def test_approve_reject_always_first_row_in_llm_path(self, low_action, high_action, medium_action):
         gw = self._make_mock_gateway()
         action_plan = _ActionPlan(recommended_actions=[low_action, high_action, medium_action])
-        kb = gw._build_inline_keyboard(
-            approval_id="APR-005",
-            incident_id="INC-005",
-            action_plan=action_plan,
-        )
+        kb = await self._build_kb(gw, approval_id="APR-005", incident_id="INC-005", action_plan=action_plan)
         first_texts = self._first_row_texts(kb)
         assert first_texts[0] == "✅ 批准"
         assert first_texts[1] == "❌ 拒絕"